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The purpose of this master thesis is to make a manual on cataracts so that optometrists in the Republic of Croatia have in one place everything about the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of cataracts. According to the World Health Organization cataract is one of the leading causes of vision impairment in the world. By properly diagnosing the type of cataract, we provide patients with a better quality of life and a visual aid with which they will achieve maximum visual acuity. This master’s thesis will summarize all the knowledge from the master's degree in Aalen in order to get a broader picture of the formation of cataracts. On daily basis optometrists encounter cataract pathology, the goal is to better understand what affects cataract formation, from drugs to systemic diseases, and to ultimately help the client see better after resolving cataract pathology.
The purpose of this master’s thesis is to evaluate the efficiency of state-provided eye exams as part of regular health check-ups for children aged between 6 and 18. This paper examines how capable these eye exams are at detecting reduced visual acuity and other vision related problems. It also investigates whether older children are better at noticing vision related problems then their younger peers. The results are obtained by a comprehensive questionnaire.
Telemedicine assisted non-mydriatic Fundus imaging for detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in Colombia
(2022)
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a well-recognized complication of diabetes mellitus where retinal function is compromised. It is considered a public health disease and is the fifth leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. But although the worldwide prevalence is continually increasing, little is known about the frequency of this disease in Colombia, South America. On the other hand, telemedicine is presented as a tool that has the potential to improve access to health care services, for remote or rural populations, and for those who have limited access due to physical or other disabilities. Recent technological advances in telecommunication and digital imaging, including fundus photography, telemedicine represents a valuable clinical aid for the documentation and diagnosis of ocular pathologies, and therefore helps to minimize adverse outcomes associated with chronic disease such as diabetes mellitus.
Comparing axial eye length to other physiological properties of the eye, body height and the head
(2022)
Purpose: To find, if there is any relationship between axial eye length and other physiological properties of the eye (horizontal corneal diameter, average corneal radius, central corneal thickness, objective spherical equivalent, pupillary distance), body height, and head size. Can any of these correlations eventually complement models in myopia progression or be the model for further research.
Purpose: The aim is to be able to advise patients on the choice of sports and exercises regarding the effects on the intraocular pressure.
Methods: The search engines Google Scholar and PubMed were used to search for suitable studies. The studies were summarized, and the most important data were collected in one table for each study. The effect on the IOP was extracted or, if not given in the article, calculated by the difference of means of the IOP after or during exercise, and the baseline IOP before, whenever these values were available.
Findings: A total of 47 studies out of the years 1990 to 2020 that investigated the influence on the IOP of the most popular sports actively practiced in Germany were reviewed and summarized: twelve for running, sixteen for fitness/ weight training, one for swimming/diving, twelve for cycling, four for hiking, and two for yoga.
Conclusions: Throughout all studies and sports it was seen that physical fitness stabilized the IOP. Higher
intensity of exercise led to higher fluctuations of the IOP. Moderate endurance training keeps the IOP fluctuations low and may lead to a lower baseline IOP if practiced on a regular base. Fitness and weight training lead to fluctuations of the IOP in a pronounced manner when performed at moderate and high intensity. Therefore, only a moderate training can be recommended if there is need to keep the IOP stable. Isometric exercise is not recommended as it provokes a rise of the IOP even when performed with light loads. The Valsalva Maneuver should always be avoided as it leads to additional fluctuations of the IOP. Also, the IOP behaved more stable during resistance training when higher fitness was present.
Novel myopia control spectacle lenses induce peripheral contrast reduction via optical diffusion. It is suggested, that the contrast reduction alters retinal processes in the low-level neural circuity, leading to an inhibition of eye growth. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the influence of full-field contrast reduction on low-level neural processing of the retina, described by the edge contrast sensitivity.
The direct ophthalmoscope is a retinal screening tool that has been in existence and development for more than 150 years, yet, the rapid influence of technological evolution in screening tools, has left the direct ophthalmoscope untouched. The main purpose of this master thesis is to determine if the direct ophthalmoscope has reached its maximum potential of development and, additionally, to determine if a further development, including a more electronic input, would be feasible.
This research project is of particular importance since there is a lack of adequate data on pediatric eye and vision disorders in Russia, particularly in the Volga region. In the present study, we estimate the prevalence of vision disorders among school-aged children who participated in a vision screening program in Samara, Russia. The relationship between learning-related visual dysfunctions is explored in depth, such to illustrate the connection between vision and learning. Hence, a key feature in this study is the inclusion of binocular vision disorders among the conditions tested.
The increasing prevalence of myopia throughout the industrialized world in recent decades has caused costs and problems for the eye health. Changed lifestyle and behavior are the main causes. For the pathogenesis of myopia, the amount of time spent outdoor and near activities play an important role. Various options for the treatment of myopia have been described as effective in the literature. Normal single vision glasses and contact lenses can only provide clear vision, but do not reduce myopia progression. Orthokeratology shows a slowing of axial growth, but has an increased risk of infectious keratitis. Low-dose atropine (0.01%) is currently the best pharmacological option. It proved safe, effective and showed the least rebound effect with negligible side effects. Other options for the treatment of myopia include special glasses, behavioral changes and prolonged outdoor exposure (to prevent the onset of myopia), as well as other methods. An increasingly important myopia management option is multifocal contact lenses, that provide a peripheral treatment zone producing myopic defocus. Such myopia control lenses are available as customized or as daily or monthly lenses. Children benefit from wearing contact lenses more than just having refractive error correction and myopia control, they have a better self-esteem and improved quality of life. The numerous findings on the safety and efficacy of soft multifocal distance center contact lenses in children to reduce the progression of myopia suggest that this modality should be considered as a main treatment option. Less, but similar to orthokeratology, when wearing soft lenses there is a risk of developing potentially serious complications such as microbial keratitis. The introduction of child-appropriate risk minimization strategies, and patient and parent education with regular monitoring is essential and leads to successful contact lens wear. This literature review summarized the actual knowledge about myopia management, prevalence, etiology and the visual and healthy consequences of myopia.
The three currently most important strategies for slowing the progression of myopia are soft multifocal distance center contact lenses, Orthokeratology and low-dose atropine ophthalmic drops.
Purpose: Recent studies found a reduction of myopia progression with multifocal contact lenses, however, with yet unclear mechanism. This raises the hypothesis that the addition zones of the multifocal contact lenses induce myopic defocus on the retina, which consequentially leads to choroidal thickening and therefore inhibited eye growth. We tested the effect of the optical design of multifocal contact lenses on choroidal thickness.
Methods: 18 myopic students wore four different contact lenses ((1) single-vision lens corrected for distance, (2) single-vision lens with +2.50 D full-field defocus, (3) “Multifocal center-distance” design, addition +2.50 D, (4) “Multifocal center-near” design, addition +2.50 D) for each 30 minutes on their right eye. Automated analysis of the macular choroidal thickness, vitreous chamber depth and eccentric photorefraction were performed before and after each contact lens.
Results: Choroidal thickness and vitreous chamber depth showed no significant differences to baseline with none of the contact lenses. Choroidal thickness increased the most with the “Multifocal center-distance” and the full-field defocus lens, followed by the “Multifocal center-near” and the single-vision contact lens (+2.1 ± 11.1 μm, +2.0 ± 11.1 μm, +1.6 ± 11.3 μm, +0.9 ± 11.2 μm, respectively). The “Multifocal center-distance” design showed an overall more myopic refractive profile than the other lenses. Changes of vitreous chamber depth occurred in anti-phase to these of choroidal thickness.
Conclusion: Multifocal contact lenses have no significant influence on choroidal thickness and after short-term wear. Therefore, it is assumed that it is not the main contributor to the protective effect of multifocal contact lenses in myopia control.