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Institute
Purpose
Automated scanpath comparison metrics should deliver an objective method to
evaluate the similarity of scanpaths. The aim of this thesis is an evaluation of
seven existing scanpath comparison metrics in static and dynamic tasks in order
to provide a guidline that helps to decide which algorithm has to be chosen for a
special kind of task.
Methods
The applicability of the algorithms for a static, visual search task and a dynamic,
interactive video game task as well as their constraints and limitations were tested.
Therefore, binocular gaze data were recorded by using the eye tracking system The
Eye Tribe (The Eye Tribe ApS, Copenhagen/ Denmark). Objective task performance
measures from 21 subjects were used in order to create scanpath groupings
for which a relevant effect of dissimilarity was to be expected. Objective task performance
measures such as task performance time were statistically evaluated and
compared to the results gained by the comparison metrics.
Results
Four of the algorithms being used successfully identified differences for static and
dynamic tasks: MultiMatch, iComp, SubsMatch and the Hidden Markov Model.
ScanMatch was very sensitive for the static task but not applicable to the dynamic
task whereas FuncSim was suitable for dynamic but not for static tasks. Eyenalysis
failed to detect any effect.
Conclusion
The applicability of scanpath comparison metrics depends on the state of the task,
respectively on the kind of experimental set up. In future, the application area for
eye tracking will expand and an improvement of automated scanpath comparison
metrics is therefore required.
Gängige Praxis bei der Unternehmensbewertung sind die Discounted-Cashflow-
Verfahren, welche im Wesentlichen auf dem Capital Asset Pricing Modell
(CAPM) basieren. Als problematisch gilt hier, dass die Bewertungsmethoden auf
der Theorie vollkommene Kapitalmärkte unterstellen. Die Betrachtung der
ökonomischen Risiken kommt nur teilweise zu Tragen. Eine Adjustierung der
Risiken, die den Wert des Unternehmens beeinflussen, wird in der Praxis nur
pauschal realisiert.
Ziel dieser Bachelorarbeit ist es, dem Leser das in Theorie und Praxis bekannte
CAPM sowie das Modell der Sicherheitsäquivalente zu erläutern. Anschließend
sollen mittels einer szenarienbasierten Unternehmenswertrechnung auf Basis des
CAPM und einer Rechnung in Anlehnung an die Theorie der
Sicherheitsäquivalente die Divergenzen zwischen den beiden theoretischen
Modellen aufgezeigt werden. Abschließend soll ein Anwendungsrahmen beider
Verfahren dargelegt werden.
Zusammenfassend lässt sich festhalten, dass sich keine Aussage darüber treffen
lässt, welche Methode im Allgemeinen „besser“ ist als die andere, jedoch darüber,
in welchem Anwendungsrahmen die jeweilige Methode zur Bewertung einer
Unternehmung als geeignet erscheint.
Deflektometrie
(2015)
In der vorliegenden Bachelorarbeit wurde ein, im Zentrum für Optische Technologien neuartiger Aufbau, eingemessen, sowie eine Anleitung für diesen erstellt. Dieser Messaufbau basiert auf Deflektometrie. Es werden Messungen mit diesem Gerät durchgeführt. Für Vergleichsmessungen wir ein Interferometer (ALI 201) verwendet.
Es wird der aktuelle Stand der Technik in der Interferometrie und der Deflekto-metrie erklärt. Hierbei wird auch auf die allgemeine Funktionsweise beider Messtechniken eingegangen.
Anschließend werden die bei den Versuchsmessungen verwendeten Geräte allgemein erläutert. Das heißt der Aufbau und die Funktion eines Fizeau-Interferometers und eines Phase-Measuring-Deflektometers.
Außerdem wurde eine Bedienungsanleitung für das Deflektometer mit einem LED-Tunnel erstellt, welches ein Entwicklungsgerät von Zeiss ist. Schließlich werden Flächen mit verschiedenen Oberflächenstrukturen mit den Messgeräten ausgemessen. Die Messwerte mit dem Interferometer sollen als Vergleichswerte dienen, damit man die Messungen am Deflektometer bewerten und einschätzen kann. Es geht vor allem darum, zu sehen, welche Oberflächen mit dem Deflektometer produktiv vermessen werden können. Außerdem soll bei geeigneten Oberflächen die Wiederholbarkeit des Geräts anhand von 20 Wiederholungsmessungen getestet werden.
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of measured visual acuity
(VA) both static and dynamic obtained with static and dynamic measuring tests, as well
as, response time to visual stimulus and analysis of its influence on dynamic visual
acuity. The aim was to compare the results gathered for the three age groups and
analyze the possible differences.
Methods
The test groups consisted of 75 subjects between 10 and 60 years old, categorized in
three age groups. The measurements of static and dynamic visual acuity and reaction
time were conducted. The set of nine tests (five with radial magnification speed and four
simulating driving condition at 72 km/h and 130 km/h) was designed in order to measure
dynamic visual acuity and the set of two tests for reaction time measurement.
Results
Compared to static visual acuity in both tests, the results obtained with measurements
of dynamic visual acuity resulted in lower values depending on Landolt ring size and
magnification speed of animation. In average, the dynamic visual acuities in tests with
different magnification speeds were lower than static by 0.4 visual acuity units, or 31%
and the average of dynamic visual acuity after subtracting motoric component (reaction
time) was for 0.2 visual acuity worse than static or 15%. In the second test simulating
driving conditions at 72 km/h the average drop in dynamic visual acuity was 33% while
at 130 km/h average drop for younger and middle age groups was 37% and for older
group was 44% and after subtracting motor component values for 72 km/h speed
simulation average drop in visual acuity values was 23% for all three groups; for 130
km/h speed simulation younger and middle aged group average drop of visual acuity
was 20% and with older group it was 24%.
Conclusion
The tests used in this study were simple and fast and revealed significant difference
between static and dynamic visual acuity and influence of reaction time on dynamic
Nataša Vujko Muždalo Abstract
2
visual acuity values. It is hoped that this thesis will be a positive contribution in testing
and training of dynamic visual and sensory response skill with drivers, sportsmen and
people with visual-motor dysfunction.
Keywords: Dynamic visual acuity (DVA), static visual acuity (SVA), reaction time (RT),
motoric component, dynamic visual acuity test, reaction time test, radial increase in size
Abstract
1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this study is to prescribe follicular-like conjunctivitis associated with Siliconhydrogels
(FoCoSi) in silicone hydrogel contact lens wearers as a novel subtype of
the well prescribed contact lens induced papillary conjunctivitis (CLPC).
1.2 Methods
1211 patients who wore silicon hydrogels were included in this prospective, nonrandomised,
single center study. Subjective symptoms and clinical signs were evaluated
for daily wear (DW) and continuous wear (CW) populations for several (Lotrafilcon A,
Lotrafilcon B, Senofilcon A, Galyfilcon A) silicon hydrogel lens types. CCLRU and other
specifically developed grading scale were utilized for evaluation. Grading of 2 and above
was rated as clinically significant. Statistical evaluation was performed for eyes rather
than subjects.
1.3 Results
The clinical presentation of FoCoSi could be confirmed and showed an incidence of
3.8%. Lotrafilcon A followed by Senofilcon A on a CW modality presented, with a risk
ratio of 2.49 and 1.53 respectively, the highest affinity for developing FoCoSi. Fluorescein
positive spots showed the closest correlation with subjective symptoms reported
by patients and divided FoCoSi into an active and dormant form. Besides Protein, Lipid
deposition on the contact lens surface and air pollution like Ozone or fine and ultrafine
particles seems to be important factors in developing FoCoSi, whereas mechanical irritation
played a minor role.
1.4 Conclusion
FoCoSi is a novel and relevant subtype of CLPC. Further studies should be performed
to validate these findings and clear up several questions about the aetiology of FoCoSi
and CLPC.
Keywords: Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC), contact lens-induced papillary conjunctivitis
(CLPC), follicular-like conjunctivitis associated with siliconhydrogels (FoCoSi)