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Young but not Naive: Leaders of Tomorrow Expect Limits to Digital Freedom to Preserve Freedom
(2021)
Veränderungen der Rolle von Controllern in Großkonzernen – Ergebnisse einer empirischen Erhebung
(2021)
Planung ist eines der wichtigsten Führungsinstrumente in der Praxis. Sie dient der
Umsetzung von Zielen und beinhaltet die gedankliche Vorwegnahme künftiger
Maßnahmen und benötigter Ressourcen. Allerdings bemängelt die Praxis häufig ihren
Aufwand. Daher tendieren manche Unternehmen dazu, weniger auf formale Prozesse
und Instrumente zu setzen und steuern eher über intuitive Entscheidungen oder ad
hoc-Abstimmungen. Solche Vorgehensweisen lassen sich als heuristisch bezeichnen.
Offen ist, ob eine eher formale oder eine eher heuristische Planung zu demselben
Erfolg führt.
In einer Studie geht das Institut für Unternehmensführung (AAUF) der Hochschule
Aalen der Frage nach, ob Unternehmen eher formal oder heuristisch planen und
welche Auswirkungen dies auf den Unternehmenserfolg hat. Die vorliegende Schrift
stellt die wesentlichen Erkenntnisse vor.
Purpose: The aim is to be able to advise patients on the choice of sports and exercises regarding the effects on the intraocular pressure.
Methods: The search engines Google Scholar and PubMed were used to search for suitable studies. The studies were summarized, and the most important data were collected in one table for each study. The effect on the IOP was extracted or, if not given in the article, calculated by the difference of means of the IOP after or during exercise, and the baseline IOP before, whenever these values were available.
Findings: A total of 47 studies out of the years 1990 to 2020 that investigated the influence on the IOP of the most popular sports actively practiced in Germany were reviewed and summarized: twelve for running, sixteen for fitness/ weight training, one for swimming/diving, twelve for cycling, four for hiking, and two for yoga.
Conclusions: Throughout all studies and sports it was seen that physical fitness stabilized the IOP. Higher
intensity of exercise led to higher fluctuations of the IOP. Moderate endurance training keeps the IOP fluctuations low and may lead to a lower baseline IOP if practiced on a regular base. Fitness and weight training lead to fluctuations of the IOP in a pronounced manner when performed at moderate and high intensity. Therefore, only a moderate training can be recommended if there is need to keep the IOP stable. Isometric exercise is not recommended as it provokes a rise of the IOP even when performed with light loads. The Valsalva Maneuver should always be avoided as it leads to additional fluctuations of the IOP. Also, the IOP behaved more stable during resistance training when higher fitness was present.