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Institute
The direct ophthalmoscope is a retinal screening tool that has been in existence and development for more than 150 years, yet, the rapid influence of technological evolution in screening tools, has left the direct ophthalmoscope untouched. The main purpose of this master thesis is to determine if the direct ophthalmoscope has reached its maximum potential of development and, additionally, to determine if a further development, including a more electronic input, would be feasible.
Soft magnetic Fe-Al alloys have been a subject of research in the past. However, they never saw the same reception in technical applications as the Fe-Si or Fe-Ni alloys, which is, to some extent, due to a low ductility level and difficulties in manufacturing. Additive manufacturing (AM) technology could be a way to avoid issues in conventional manufacturing and produce soft magnetic components from these alloys, as has already been shown with similarly brittle Fe-Si alloys. While AM has already been applied to certain Fe-Al alloys, no magnetic properties of AM Fe-Al alloys have been reported in the literature so far. Therefore, in this work, a Fe-12Al alloy was additively manufactured through laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) and characterized regarding its microstructure and magnetic properties. A comparison was made with the materials produced by casting and rolling, prepared from melts with an identical chemical composition. In order to improve the magnetic properties, a heat treatment at a higher temperature (1300 °C) than typically applied for conventionally manufactured materials (850–1150 °C) is proposed for the AM material. The specially heat-treated AM material reached values (HC: 11.3 A/m; µmax: 13.1 × 103) that were close to the heat-treated cast material (HC: 12.4 A/m; µmax: 20.3 × 103). While the DC magnetic values of hot- and cold-rolled materials (HC: 3.2 to 4.1 A/m; µmax: 36.6 to 40.4 × 103) were not met, the AM material actually showed fewer losses than the rolled material under AC conditions. One explanation for this effect can be domain refinement effects. This study shows that it is possible to additively manufacture Fe-Al alloys with good soft magnetic behavior. With optimized manufacturing and post-processing, further improvements of the magnetic properties of AM L-PBF Fe-12Al may still be possible.
Purpose: The aim is to be able to advise patients on the choice of sports and exercises regarding the effects on the intraocular pressure.
Methods: The search engines Google Scholar and PubMed were used to search for suitable studies. The studies were summarized, and the most important data were collected in one table for each study. The effect on the IOP was extracted or, if not given in the article, calculated by the difference of means of the IOP after or during exercise, and the baseline IOP before, whenever these values were available.
Findings: A total of 47 studies out of the years 1990 to 2020 that investigated the influence on the IOP of the most popular sports actively practiced in Germany were reviewed and summarized: twelve for running, sixteen for fitness/ weight training, one for swimming/diving, twelve for cycling, four for hiking, and two for yoga.
Conclusions: Throughout all studies and sports it was seen that physical fitness stabilized the IOP. Higher
intensity of exercise led to higher fluctuations of the IOP. Moderate endurance training keeps the IOP fluctuations low and may lead to a lower baseline IOP if practiced on a regular base. Fitness and weight training lead to fluctuations of the IOP in a pronounced manner when performed at moderate and high intensity. Therefore, only a moderate training can be recommended if there is need to keep the IOP stable. Isometric exercise is not recommended as it provokes a rise of the IOP even when performed with light loads. The Valsalva Maneuver should always be avoided as it leads to additional fluctuations of the IOP. Also, the IOP behaved more stable during resistance training when higher fitness was present.
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of the iPad Aniseikonia Test for
measurement size lens-induced aniseikonia. The iPad Aniseikonia Test is a new
computer-based test designed for measuring aniseikonia in vertical direction. The iPad
Test uses red-green anaglyphs.
Methods
Aniseikonia was induced in 21 subjects by means of afocal size lenses. Resulting
aniseikonia was measured in vertical direction by the iPad Aniseikonia Test. The
measurement was performed in dark condition with appropriate correction of refractive
error. All subject were patients with normal vision with no anisometropia or other
ocular problem.
Results:
Afocal size lenses of known magnification were used to induce aniseikonia. 5
measurements were taken in each subject, ranging from zero to 7 % magnification.
When using the regression analysis, the slope of the fitted line significantly differs from
1. The average slope of regression line is 0,58.
Conclusions:
Only moderate accuracy was found for tested target size and orientation. In all cases the
iPad Aniseikonia Test underestimates the level of aniseikonia. However for gross
assessment of anisometropia in clinical practice it could be successfully used. Further
study with different target size should be addressed.
Purpose: Recent studies found a reduction of myopia progression with multifocal contact lenses, however, with yet unclear mechanism. This raises the hypothesis that the addition zones of the multifocal contact lenses induce myopic defocus on the retina, which consequentially leads to choroidal thickening and therefore inhibited eye growth. We tested the effect of the optical design of multifocal contact lenses on choroidal thickness.
Methods: 18 myopic students wore four different contact lenses ((1) single-vision lens corrected for distance, (2) single-vision lens with +2.50 D full-field defocus, (3) “Multifocal center-distance” design, addition +2.50 D, (4) “Multifocal center-near” design, addition +2.50 D) for each 30 minutes on their right eye. Automated analysis of the macular choroidal thickness, vitreous chamber depth and eccentric photorefraction were performed before and after each contact lens.
Results: Choroidal thickness and vitreous chamber depth showed no significant differences to baseline with none of the contact lenses. Choroidal thickness increased the most with the “Multifocal center-distance” and the full-field defocus lens, followed by the “Multifocal center-near” and the single-vision contact lens (+2.1 ± 11.1 μm, +2.0 ± 11.1 μm, +1.6 ± 11.3 μm, +0.9 ± 11.2 μm, respectively). The “Multifocal center-distance” design showed an overall more myopic refractive profile than the other lenses. Changes of vitreous chamber depth occurred in anti-phase to these of choroidal thickness.
Conclusion: Multifocal contact lenses have no significant influence on choroidal thickness and after short-term wear. Therefore, it is assumed that it is not the main contributor to the protective effect of multifocal contact lenses in myopia control.
The effect of personality and gender on individuals' propensity for corruption and corrupt behavior
(2020)
The Dimensional Accuracy of Thin-Walled Parts Manufactured by Laser-Powder Bed Fusion Process
(2020)
In this study, we investigate the use of artificial neural networks as a potentially efficient method to determine the rate capability of electrodes for lithium-ion batteries with different porosities. The performance of a lithium-ion battery is, to a large extent, determined by the microstructure (i.e., layer thickness and porosity) of its electrodes. Tailoring the microstructure to a specific application is a crucial process in battery development. However, unravelling the complex correlations between microstructure and rate performance using either experiments or simulations is time-consuming and costly. Our approach provides a swift method for predicting the rate capability of battery electrodes by using machine learning on microstructural images of electrode cross-sections. We train multiple models in order to predict the specific capacity based on the batteries’ microstructure and investigate the decisive parts of the microstructure through the use of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods. Our study shows that even comparably small neural network architectures are capable of providing state-of-the-art prediction results. In addition to this, our XAI studies demonstrate that the models are using understandable human features while ignoring present artefacts.
Production processes in Industry 4.0 settings are usually highly automated. However, many complicated tasks, such as machine maintenance, must be executed by human workers. In current smart factories, such tasks can be supported by Augmented Reality (AR) devices. These AR tasks rely on high numbers of contextual factors like live data from machines or work safety conditions and are mostly not well integrated into the global production process. This can lead to various problems like suboptimal task assignment, over-exposure of workers to hazards like noise or heat, or delays in the production process. Current Business Process Management (BPM) Systems (BPMS) are not capable of readily taking such factors into account. There- fore, this contribution proposes a novel approach for context- integrated modeling and execution of processes with AR tasks. Our practical evaluations show that our AR Process Framework can be easily integrated with prevalent BPMS. Furthermore, we have created a comprehensive simulation scenario and our findings suggest that the application of this system can lead to various benefits, like better quality of AR task execution and cost savings regarding the overall Industry 4.0 processes.
Aim Patrick J. Caroline and Mark P. Andre first reported about soft lens orthokeratology in 2005. In a number of articles in the past five years, they reported about their research on this topic and their new findings. The aim of this study was to continue the research of Patrick J. Caroline and Mark P. Andre and to collect more information about the outcome of the technique. Methods Ten subjects with low myopia from -0.25 D to -1.25 D and a refractive astigmatism from plano to -0.75 D were fitted with a -10.00 D CIBA VISION AIR OPTIX® NIGHT&DAY® silicone hydrogel contact lens and were told to wear the lenses over night and everted. Corneal topography and refraction measurements were taken after one night, one week and one month of contact lens wear. Results Eight out of ten subjects finished the study, six female and two male. The mean age of the subjects was 23.9 years. With the eight subjects who finished the study, the mean change in subjective refraction was about +1.00 D in the sphere and +0.22 D in the cylinder, with maximum changes of +1.75 D sphere and +0.75 D cylinder. The mean apical power change, measured with the topographer, was 1.11 D. Changes in K - readings ranged from slight corneal steepening in both of the meridians to 0.23 mm of corneal flattening in the horizontal meridian and 0.27 mm of corneal flattening in the vertical meridian. Corneal eccentricity decreased about 0.65 on average. The main complaints and problems were the high minus power and the decentration of the contact lens and the occurrence of ghosting at night. Conclusion The results of this study show that everted wear of a high minus silicone hydrogel contact lens can lead to orthokeratology - such as changes in corneal topography and subjective refraction. These changes range from plano to +1.75 D sphere and +0.25 D to +0.75 D cylinder but are unpredictable and vary from subject to subject. Additional studies regarding the contact lens decentration and the unpredictability of the outcome need to be done to optimize the process.
Enterprise Architecture (EA) Frameworks (EAFs) have attempted to support comprehensive and cohesive modeling and documentation of the enterprise. However, these EAFs were not conceived for today’s rapidly digitalized enterprises and the associated IT complexity. A digitally-centric EAF is needed, freed from the past restrictive EAF paradigms and embracing the new potential in a data-centric world. This paper proposes an alternative EAF that is digital, holistic, and digitally sustainable - the Digital Diamond Framework. D2F is designed for responsive and agile enterprises, for aligning business plans and initiatives with the actual enterprise state, and addressing the needs of EA for digitized structure, order, modeling, and documentation. The feasibility of D2F is demonstrated with a prototype implementation of an EA tool that applies its principles, showing how the framework can be practically realized, while a case study based on ArchiSurance example and an initial performance and scalability characterization provide additional insights as to its viability.
Relevance and Adoption of AI technologies in German SMEs – Results from Survey-Based Research
(2021)
This research project is of particular importance since there is a lack of adequate data on pediatric eye and vision disorders in Russia, particularly in the Volga region. In the present study, we estimate the prevalence of vision disorders among school-aged children who participated in a vision screening program in Samara, Russia. The relationship between learning-related visual dysfunctions is explored in depth, such to illustrate the connection between vision and learning. Hence, a key feature in this study is the inclusion of binocular vision disorders among the conditions tested.
Preliminary study: Polishing force measurement by viscosity - the return of ketchup polishing
(2021)
Potentials of Digital Business Models – Empirical investigation of data driven impacts in industry
(2018)